Psychedelics specialists throughout scientific trials, psychotherapy and regulation have been reflecting on the challenges dealing with the sphere since a webinar organised by the Worldwide Alliance of Psychological Well being Analysis Funders (IAMHRF) in late 2024. This commentary appears to be like at the way forward for psychedelics as psychological well being therapy and offers suggestions for shifting the sphere ahead.
This weblog has been co-authored by: Niall Boyce, Florence Butlen-Ducuing, Pim Cuijpers, Allan Younger and Anna Zecharia.
After a interval out within the chilly, the so-called “psychedelic renaissance” constructed up hopes that psychedelics—often together with psychotherapy—might provide a brand new therapy paradigm for psychological well being circumstances. Nonetheless, vital considerations concerning the high quality of analysis, together with problems with bias, led to the FDA declining to approve a remedy combining MDMA (which isn’t strictly a psychedelic) with psychotherapy. But, simply months later, Compass Pathways introduced that its first Section 3 trial of COMP360 psilocybin met its major endpoint—a statistically and clinically vital discount in despair signs at six weeks—demonstrating that, the place trial design meets regulatory requirements, progress stays attainable.
Hope, as ever, have to be tempered by pragmatism. While it’s tempting to speak concerning the heyday of psychedelics analysis within the Nineteen Fifties and 60s—which made vital contributions to understanding of the states induced by these compounds—actually, the problems the sphere now faces (e.g. small trials, insufficient controls, the necessity to shield susceptible individuals) had been issues then too (see part 3).
These challenges are well-known, they’ve endured, and they won’t resolve themselves.
It’s attainable for the sphere to take the identical strategy to those points as Charles Dickens’s Mr Micawber took to his funds, and stay in hope that “one thing will flip up”. Nonetheless, this is able to be a missed alternative and a disservice to the sufferers who may profit from psychedelic therapies. Due to this fact, on this commentary, we argue that the sphere must be proactive in growing a consensus on the best way ahead, and we provide 5 key areas for motion, with tangible ideas that we hope will get this dialogue began:
- Set a balanced tone
- Discover consensus on strategies
- Outline good analysis priorities
- Make clear the function of psychotherapy
- Put together well being techniques
Are we actually in the course of a psychedelic renaissance for our psychological well being?
1. Set a balanced tone
Embrace the promise of psychedelics with out overselling or dropping sight of scientific actuality.
While the therapeutic potential is critical, psychedelics won’t ever be a cure-all. The fact is that if remedies are proven to be protected and efficient, they’ll almost definitely profit a subgroup of people who find themselves experiencing intractable signs in particular circumstances, similar to despair and PTSD. The way in which we speak about psychedelics issues.
Nonetheless, discussions about psychedelics tackle a distinct tone in comparison with different therapeutic modalities. A combination of fascination, warning, and hyperbole surrounds the sphere – and we consider that is having an unhelpful affect on analysis and sufferers. The social context of their ‘heyday’, their important disappearance from the analysis panorama, and their subsequent resurgence all appear to have formed the best way we see psychedelics.
The origin of psychedelics analysis in Western tradition is traced to Arthur Heffter, who remoted mescaline from peyote cactus, itself introduced again from Mexico by Carl Lumholz. Advances in natural chemistry and pharmacology at the moment fueled broad exploration of psychoactive compounds, set in opposition to a background of so-called ethnology research of indigenous rituals. The roots of the heyday (although after all this turned overtaken by the synthesis of LSD) are set in a broader context of scientific fascination with human consciousness. Certainly, the roots of the phrase psychedelic are within the Greek for ‘psyche – or soul – manifesting’. The present curiosity in psychedelics appears to be coinciding with a resurgence in curiosity in spirituality, notably in younger individuals.
Two issues occurred within the Nineteen Sixties to stem the tide of analysis into psychedelics: Schedule 1 classification (following a backlash in opposition to rising leisure use of psychedelics) and a rise in medicines regulation following the thalidomide scandal. Each led to sensible restrictions on researchers’ skill to entry and use psychedelics, alongside a lack of respectability of the analysis itself. Scientific exercise dropped off a cliff.
Its resurgence has been linked to advocacy inside the scientific neighborhood: a Swiss Academy of Medical Sciences Symposium that introduced the small analysis neighborhood collectively, and the institution of the Heffter Analysis Institute (HRI) with the objective of rebuilding the analysis base. It was not attainable for governments to fund psychedelics analysis, so the panorama turned dominated by HRI funding till psychedelics analysis once more entered the mainstream. The legacy of advocacy-driven funding stays.
We wish to see the dialogue of psychedelics retain its tone of fascination, however to stability this with scientific realism – and to recognise the sociocultural heritage of psychedelic compounds that play an essential function in non secular practices in indigenous cultures world wide. We must always embrace our fascination with psychedelics in these analysis settings – however we must be express that that is a part of a curiosity about human consciousness and the non secular expertise, not use psychedelics analysis as a proxy. Maybe elevating the respectability and acceptability of that type of analysis in psychological well being and the neurosciences (respectfully, with companions in different fields and cultures) will assist us separate this facet of psychedelics analysis from investigations into therapeutic potential that should give attention to the neutral institution of security and efficacy.
We wish to see the dialogue of psychedelics retain its tone of fascination, however to stability this with scientific realism.
2. Discover consensus on strategies
Sort out the trial design points which will compromise the protection and efficacy of psychedelics.
The a number of sources of variability in psychedelics trials muddy the interpretation of therapeutic impact in human trials. Regulators want the identical stage of robustness to exhibit security and efficacy as another drug. Due to this fact, addressing examine design points is a precedence to assist improvement and approval.
The problem is in how these variables could be managed and remoted, while being pragmatic concerning the subjective nature of the psychedelic expertise. Variables could be grouped into 4 primary classes:
- security and efficacy of the psychedelic;
- security and efficacy of the related psychotherapy;
- participant mindset and expectation; and
- therapist/trialist mindset and stage of experience, which may affect interactions with the participant.
A basic problem which additional hampers discerning sign from noise is that trials are usually small and underpowered.
Concerning establishing security and efficacy of the drug, a acutely aware affected person can be conscious that they’re taking a psychedelic. Which means that the same old strategy to placebo-controlled and double-blinded trials just isn’t attainable; or to place it one other approach, you may or won’t know you probably have taken an SSRI, however you’ll virtually definitely know you probably have taken a dose of LSD.
Additional problems come up in the case of understanding whether or not the psychotherapeutic element of psychedelic remedies is efficient. First, the psychotherapeutic routine utilized in psychedelic remedy (preparation – security throughout expertise – integration) advanced primarily based on scientific observations through the Nineteen Fifties and Nineteen Sixties, and is simply utilized in mixture with psychedelics; it isn’t a validated standalone psychotherapeutic strategy. Moreover, there’s appreciable variability in how this psychotherapy is delivered inside and throughout trials, together with the extent of experience of the therapist. Lastly, we simply don’t know whether or not validated therapies similar to CBT or short-term psychodynamic psychotherapy are acceptable, so it’s not attainable to substitute in a type of remedy that’s extra simply managed with out additional research.
Then there’s the essential indisputable fact that contributors who participate in psychedelics trials could begin out with a choice or excessive expectation; this additional complicates the problem with placebo management, because the affected person who doesn’t obtain a drug with acute psychotropic results will realize it, and their end result may replicate dissatisfaction with their allocation. This may be compounded by therapists who present a bias (acutely aware or unconscious) in direction of psychedelics if it influences their behaviour and strategy to the participant.
Desk 1. Potential options for addressing variability in psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy trials.
| Supply of variability | Potential options for dialogue and improvement with the sphere |
| Security and efficacy of the psychedelic
|
Recognising that blinding just isn’t attainable for prime doses of psychedelics:
Revisit low dose psycholytic approaches, that minimise the psychedelic impact to allow blinding by conventional placebo strategies. Restrict trial contributors to the supposed affected person inhabitants – i.e. prioritise extreme sufferers with intractable signs. The excessive scientific want would allow security to be prioritised in a short-term examine, with a decrease threshold for efficacy. Long run follow-up for each security and efficacy must be constructed into examine design to evaluate this affected person inhabitants and assist centered HTA decision-making. Guarantee variety in trial contributors to enhance actual world validity. |
| Security and efficacy of the psychotherapy
|
Design trials with a rationally designed remedy management. That’s, use a standardised management psychotherapy protocol that ensures a protected expertise, and evaluate this to ‘energetic’ protocols which might be designed to assist integration of the expertise, or are already validated protocols (e.g. short-term psychodynamic remedy, CBT).
Guarantee open manuals for psychotherapeutic protocols utilized in trials. Set a minimal expertise stage for therapist eligibility. Discover implications of separate regulatory pathways e.g. within the reporting of potential long-term hostile results of psychotherapy. |
| Participant mindset
|
Index sufferers by ‘psychedelic choice/expectations’ to at the very least observe this variable.
Exclude contributors with earlier expertise of psychedelics. |
| Therapist/trialist mindset
|
Guarantee all stakeholders in a psychedelic trial have a shared understanding of the significance of strong trial design and execution, together with how sources of variability work together.
Be certain that psychotherapy protocols utilized in trials make ‘therapeutic sense’ to the therapist—together with participating psychotherapists in co-designing trials. Set up clear codes of conduct, together with battle of curiosity declarations. Introduce blinding for outcomes evaluation. |
Lastly, variability in approaches to check design are a barrier to demonstrating security and efficacy at scale: standardising design is a approach to enhance consistency. The European Medicines Company (EMA) has additionally acknowledged the necessity for methodological innovation on this house. Of their 2024 multi-stakeholder workshop, they emphasised the significance of adapting conventional trial frameworks to account for the distinctive traits of psychedelics, and highlighted the potential worth of worldwide collaboration to harmonise approaches throughout jurisdictions. The EMA additionally finalised a new Guideline on the Scientific Investigation of Medicinal Merchandise for Melancholy, which incorporates for the primary time a devoted part on psychedelics—formalising greatest practices for his or her analysis in despair trials. The COMP360 Section 3 trial is an early indication that with rigorous trial design and outlined affected person populations, psychedelic compounds can meet typical regulatory requirements.
Unpicking these sources of variability just isn’t simple, however we predict it’s attainable—and there are clear examples of motion in direction of deliberation, determination and motion in live performance throughout the sphere, doubtlessly together with checkpoints on the stage of funders and journals. In desk 1 we have now advised some tangible approaches (that might should be enacted together) within the hope that it will assist information scientific dialogue.
Regulators want the identical stage of robustness in psychedelics analysis to exhibit security and efficacy as another drug.
3. Outline good analysis priorities
Goal the important questions that can actually transfer the sphere ahead.
Excessive curiosity in psychedelics affords a chance for funding in analysis that has the potential to considerably advance the sphere if these questions could be recognized and addressed with centered consideration. These questions relate to security and efficacy, mechanism of motion, the broader utility of psychedelics, the function of animal research, and analysis on the psychedelic expertise itself.
Current public and institutional funding—together with over USD $50 million from the State of Texas for ibogaine analysis, new U.S. Division of Protection and Veterans Affairs grants for MDMA-assisted remedy, a €6.5 million (equal to over USD $7.5 million) Horizon Europe award for the EU-wide PsyPal trial in palliative care, and Australia’s insurer-backed funding for psychedelic therapy—alerts rising world dedication to psychedelic innovation, supplied it’s grounded in sturdy, high-quality proof.
In desk 2, we have now highlighted what we consider to be probably the most urgent and promising avenues for analysis.
*Desk 2. Precedence analysis questions, by theme.
| Theme | Precedence analysis questions, for dialogue and improvement with the sphere |
| Security & efficacy | What are the optimum therapy protocols? (dose, length, frequency)
What’s the length of the therapeutic impact put up therapy? Is psychotherapy an integral a part of psychedelic therapy, and in that case – what sort of psychotherapy? Can scientific options and/or organic biomarkers predict efficacy and/or security? Can scientific options and/or organic biomarkers assist personalisation of psychedelic remedy? Does the concomitant administration of different (generally prescribed) psychiatric medicines have an effect on the protection and efficacy of psychedelics and vice versa? In that case, what are the scientific implications (e.g. discontinuation, concomitant use) and the way ought to this be mirrored within the product data? |
| Mechanism of motion in intractable despair and PTSD | How may neural pathways implicated in different pharmacological therapeutic methods contribute to the scientific motion of psychedelics? What are the neural mechanisms for psychedelic therapeutic impact on the mobile and community stage?
Are the acute dissociative/hallucinogenic results needed for long-lasting therapeutic efficacy? And if not, would it not be attainable to develop psychedelics that might be efficient with out the possibly difficult ‘journey’ expertise? How does the psychotherapy element of psychedelic assisted remedy work? Nonetheless, we recognise that figuring out the mechanism of motion of psychotherapy (in any setting) is fraught with challenges, and would require vital analysis funding. |
| Potential utility of psychedelics in different scientific indications.
|
What’s the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in neurodegenerative circumstances similar to Alzheimer’s illness?
What’s the therapeutic potential of psychedelics in palliative care, notably when standard remedies don’t assist lowering signs of tension, despair, or existential misery What are the neural mechanisms for psychedelic therapeutic impact throughout a variety of different potential scientific indications, on the mobile and community stage? How can we guarantee security and efficacy in these settings, with learnings from trial design challenges to this point? |
| Function of animal research
|
Which animal fashions have predictive validity for human research of psychedelics, and what elements of the expertise or therapeutic profit are they a proxy for?
Which animal fashions can assist investigation into neural mechanisms? Which animal research lack validity and will not be acceptable within the subject? Might this steerage be expanded to assist form psychedelics analysis? |
| The psychedelic expertise | What are the most effective measurements (goal and subjective) to quantify and describe the psychedelic expertise? What’s the function of qualitative analysis within the subject?
Recognising that the psychedelic expertise has roots in indigenous non secular follow, do we have now the interdisciplinary experience and collaborations (together with companions similar to from indigenous tradition, philosophy, ethics, faith) to develop the spherein investigating non secular/spiritual expertise because it pertains to the human expertise—to which means, goal, resilience and wellbeing? |
Analysis funding has the potential to considerably advance the sphere, however provided that we prioritise a very powerful questions.
4. Make clear the function of psychotherapy
Resolve the regulatory gray zone.
Prime quality trials that allow confidence in security and efficacy knowledge ought to assist the psychedelic journey by normal approval processes, and progress right here will essentially be linked to efforts to enhance trial high quality and consistency as we have now outlined in part 2. Nonetheless, an extra complicating issue is that functions are for psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy—and psychotherapy falls past the remit of regulatory companies.
In precept, this isn’t an issue. If a psychotherapy is deemed to be an integral a part of drug therapy, this might be represented on the drug label – this has been achieved beforehand. Nonetheless, this has not but been established for psychedelic therapy. Regulators must know whether or not psychotherapy is integral, or whether or not it must be dealt with as part of a extra world security assist framework. To deal with this, a scientific trial with a factorial design would probably be wanted to permit an correct analysis of the efficacy of each elements primarily based on respective related endpoints.
Is psychotherapy an integral a part of psychedelic therapy?
5. Put together well being techniques
Guarantee readiness for implementation.
A lot of the dialogue within the subject to this point has been about all the pieces as much as the approval course of, however not a lot past it. The therapeutic good thing about psychedelics will solely be realised when they’re utilized in the best affected person populations in the actual world. So at the same time as we grapple with security and efficacy, we should additionally suppose forward to potential implementation in case they show to be efficient.
We all know that lack of long-term knowledge on security and effectiveness has impacted HTA suggestions, so it’s clearly essential to combine this type of knowledge assortment (through part 4 trials) into analysis programmes with the intention of supporting HTA organisations to make knowledgeable choices. To have the ability to assess the potential added worth of these remedies in comparison with our current therapeutic arsenal, HTA our bodies would want to know additionally how psychedelics would slot in present therapy paradigms and underneath which scientific setting. We’re not conscious whether or not HTA organisations have been engaged in stakeholder discussions about psychedelics, however there is a chance to make sure the analysis neighborhood understands their wants and the way this may affect analysis design. As with regulators, early dialogue with HTA organisations is essential to make sure that trials are aligned with necessities.
Additionally it is not clear whether or not present scientific service fashions, services, coaching, and staffing ranges in any geographical setting are able to assist implementation of psychedelics-assisted remedy in well being care techniques. Portugal has revealed its first multidisciplinary scientific steerage on psychedelic therapies, developed by skilled associations throughout psychiatry, psychology, pharmacy, and ethics—a proactive step towards real-world readiness. There’s a potential subject of fairness of entry, and the chance of broad variation each inside and between international locations in provision of therapy (together with laws to assist entry), and protected, moral approaches to safety of people in acutely susceptible states.
What must occur in the actual world for us to begin implementing psychedelic-assisted remedy in well being care techniques?
Closing ideas
Funding in psychedelics analysis have to be centered on the questions that can take the sphere ahead – not on excessive quantity, low return analysis.
As therapeutic brokers, psychedelics provide hope to the sub-group of sufferers who discover no reduction by current therapy methods. It’s our view that such research ought to give attention to these sufferers, embedding their wants into examine design and long-term observe as much as rigorously set up security and efficacy of the drug and related psychotherapy. It will permit regulators to precisely specify scientific particulars of psychotherapy – thus clearing the runway for regulatory approval. To do that, we have to prioritise giant, high-quality trials that may set up security and efficacy.
Approval and adoption are completely different challenges: we aren’t satisfied that there was ample HTA organisation involvement with this dialogue to this point, and wish to see this alteration. HTA organisations make choices in opposition to the care at the moment obtainable – nonetheless, the purpose is that the sufferers who stand to profit from psychedelics don’t reply to those choices. Given the healthcare techniques price of psychedelic-assisted psychotherapy is more likely to be higher than a drug-only strategy, there’s a threat that these remedies can be systematically deprived except the costing is tailor-made to the supposed affected person inhabitants.
Psychedelics will help us discover actually fascinating questions on human consciousness, and what it means to be human. These questions can’t be the area of 1 subject – be that neuroscience, philosophy or non secular traditions from internationally – however maybe working collectively we might set up a brand new subject that balances experimental approaches with different types of enquiry and proof.
Psychedelic-assisted remedy ought to goal individuals with troublesome to deal with circumstances, who haven’t benefitted from different remedies.
Assertion of curiosity
This weblog has been co-authored by a gaggle of specialists who participated in a webinar organised by the Worldwide Alliance of Psychological Well being Analysis Funders (IAMHRF) in late 2024:
- Niall Boyce “I’m Head of Data and Measurement at Wellcome, and don’t have any different pursuits to declare.”
- Florence Butlen-Ducuing “I’m a psychiatrist working within the psycho-oncology Unit at Gustave Roussy Most cancers Campus Grand Paris, and within the INSERM Moods analysis Unit, at Paris Saclay College. I’ve no pursuits to declare.”
- Pim Cuijpers “I’m Professor Emeritus on the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and I’ve no pursuits to declare.”
- Allan Younger – Declaration of Pursuits (PDF)
- Anna Zecharia “I’m Director, Programmes and Partnerships at IAMHRF and I’ve no pursuits to declare.”
References
Axios. (2025). Texas to spend hundreds of thousands on psychedelic analysis. Axios Native – Dallas. https://www.axios.com/native/dallas/2025/06/26/texas-ibogaine-psychedelic-veterans-ptsd
Celidwen, Y., Redvers, N., Githaiga, C. et al. (2023). Moral rules of conventional Indigenous medication to information western psychedelic analysis and follow. Lancet Reg Well being Am 18, 100410. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lana.2022.100410
Compass Pathways. (2025). Compass Pathways efficiently achieves major endpoint in first Section 3 trial evaluating COMP360 psilocybin for treatment-resistant despair. Compass Pathways Newsroom. https://ir.compasspathways.com/Information–Occasions-/information/news-details/2025/Compass-Pathways-Efficiently-Achieves-Major-Endpoint-in-First-Section-3-Trial-Evaluating-COMP360-Psilocybin-for-Remedy-Resistant-Melancholy/default.aspx
Cristea, I.A., Cuijpers, P., Halvorsen, J.Ø. (2024). The psychotherapy in MDMA-assisted psychotherapy. JAMA Psychiatry 81, 1053–1054. https://doi.org/10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2024.2887
European Well being and Digital Govt Company. (2024). PsyPal challenge launch occasion within the EP: “Psychedelics in palliative care”. HaDEA Occasions. https://hadea.ec.europa.eu/occasions/psypal-project-launch-event-ep-psychedelics-palliative-care-2024-04-09_en
European Medicines Company. (2006). Guideline on the non-clinical investigation of the dependence potential of medicinal merchandise. EMEA/CHMP/SWP/94227/2004. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/paperwork/scientific-guideline/guideline-non-clinical-investigation-dependence-potential-medicinal-products_en.pdf
European Medicines Company. (2024). Report: EMA multi-stakeholder workshop on psychedelics – In direction of an EU regulatory framework. European Medicines Company. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/paperwork/report/report-ema-multi-stakeholder-workshop-psychedelics_en.pdf
European Medicines Company. (2024). Selincro: EPAR – Product Info. European Medicines Company. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/paperwork/product-information/selincro-epar-product-information_en.pdf
European Medicines Company. (2025). Guideline on the Scientific Investigation of Medicinal Merchandise for the Remedy of Melancholy. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/paperwork/scientific-guideline/guideline-clinical-investigation-medicinal-products-treatment-depression-revision-3_en.pdf
Geyer, M.A. (2024). A short historic overview of psychedelic analysis. Biol Psychiatry Cogn Neurosci Neuroimaging 9, 464–471. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bpsc.2023.11.003
Corridor, W.D. (2021). Why was early therapeutic analysis on psychedelic medication deserted? Psychol Med 51, 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0033291721004207
Kazdin, A.E. (2007). Mediators and mechanisms of change in psychotherapy analysis. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 3, 1–27. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.clinpsy.3.022806.091432
Khazan, O. (2024). The weak science behind psychedelics. The Atlantic. https://www.theatlantic.com/concepts/archive/2024/10/psychedelics-medicine-science/680286/
Kishon, R., Modlin, N.L., Cycowicz, Y.M. et al. (2024). A fast narrative overview of the scientific evolution of psychedelic therapy in scientific trials. npj Ment Well being Res 3, 33. https://doi.org/10.1038/s44184-024-00068-9
Lykos Therapeutics. (2024). Lykos Therapeutics publicizes full response letter for midomafetamine capsules for PTSD. Lykos Therapeutics Newsroom. https://information.lykospbc.com/2024-08-09-Lykos-Therapeutics-Proclaims-Full-Response-Letter-for-Midomafetamine-Capsules-for-PTSD
McNamara, P., Newsome, W., Linkenhoker, B. & Grafman, J. (2024). Neuroscientists should not be afraid to check faith. Nature 631, 25–27. https://doi.org/10.1038/d41586-024-02153-7
Navy.com (2024). VA funds Ivy League analysis on MDMA therapy for post-traumatic stress, alcohol abuse.https://www.navy.com/daily-news/2024/12/03/va-funds-ivy-league-research-mdma-treatment-post-traumatic-stress-alcohol-abuse.html
Navy Instances. (2025). DoD commits $9.8 million to check psychedelics for energetic‑responsibility troops.https://www.militarytimes.com/information/your-military/2025/03/17/dod-commits-98-million-to-study-psychedelics-for-active-duty-troops
Nationwide Institute for Well being and Care Excellence. (2024). Evaluation determination: Esketamine nasal spray for treatment-resistant despair (TA854). NICE Expertise Appraisal Steering. https://www.good.org.uk/steerage/ta854/sources/review-decision-pdf-17410403923909
Subsequent Traders. (2025). Emyria studies promising PTSD restoration knowledge 6 months after therapy. Subsequent Traders. Retrieved from https://nextinvestors.com/quick-takes/emd-reports-promising-ptsd-recovery-data-6-months-after-treatment/
PAREA. (2024). Portugal launches multidisciplinary scientific steerage on psychedelic therapies. PAREA Information. https://parea.eu/parea-news/portugal-launches-multidisciplinary-clinical-guidance-on-psychedelic-therapies
PAREA. (2025). Czech Republic passes legislation enabling entry to psilocybin remedy. PAREA Information. Retrieved from https://parea.eu/parea-news/czech-republic-psilocybin-law-passed-2025
Rucker, J.J.H., Iliff, J., & Nutt, D.J. (2018). Psychiatry & the psychedelic medication. Previous, current & future. Neuropharmacology 142, 200–218. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuropharm.2017.12.040
Winkelman, M.J., Szabo, A., Frecska, E. (2023). The potential of psychedelics for the therapy of Alzheimer’s illness and associated dementias. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 76, 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2023.07.003
Discussion about this post