Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP) is a caregiver-child strategy designed to handle attachment insecurity and developmental trauma (Hughes, 2007; Golding, 2025), notably in kids from the care system who’ve skilled abuse or neglect (Selwyn et al., 2015; Burch et al., 2022). It goals to boost relational security by means of ideas of playfulness, acceptance, curiosity, and empathy, supporting emotional regulation and cognitive improvement.
Whereas DDP has a stable theoretical basis and in depth coaching for therapists, it has not been rigorously examined by means of randomised managed trials (RCTs), limiting its classification as a confirmed intervention (Christopher et al., 2025). Moreover, qualitative suggestions from caregivers suggests elevated understanding and acceptance, indicating potential advantages for caregiver-child relationships (Wingfield & Gurney-Smith, 2019).
The present research aimed to handle a analysis hole in understanding kids’s views on their DDP experiences (Christopher et al., 2025).
Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy (DDP) is a caregiver-child strategy designed to handle attachment insecurity and developmental trauma.
Strategies
The research used semi-structured, play-based interviews with six kids (one male; relaxation feminine) aged 8-12 years outdated. Contributors have been both adopted or beneath a Particular Guardianship Order and had accomplished at the least 4 periods of a DDP intervention.
Information assortment employed Narrative Story Stem Methodologies (NSSM) to encourage kids to specific their experiences by means of story enactments (Woolgar, 1999), supplemented by drawing and emotion stickers to ease communication (Fane et al., 2018). 4 stems have been developed, tailored from Hodges et al.’s (2000) Story Stem Evaluation Profile (SSAP), presenting typical remedy eventualities or dilemmas.
Recruitment concerned accredited therapists selling the research, with caregivers knowledgeable by way of video calls.
Periods, lasting from 35 minutes to almost three hours (imply 1.15h), aimed to be conversational, fostering a relaxed atmosphere for youngsters to share their ideas and emotions.
Information evaluation used Interpretative Phenomenological Evaluation (IPA), beforehand utilized in research exploring DDP expertise with adoptive dad and mom (e.g., (Wingfield & Gurney-Smith, 2019). The evaluation adopted Smith et al.’s (2021) framework and Nizza et al.’s (2021) high quality indicators for IPA research. It concerned an iterative strategy of familiarisation with the information, line-by-line coding, and figuring out patterns of convergence, divergence, commonality, and nuance each inside and throughout instances. To acknowledge the affect of biases (Yardley, 2000), supervision, bracketing, and reflexive workouts have been a part of the information dealing with.
Outcomes
A complete of two foremost themes and eight subthemes have been recognized.
Theme 1: “They’re telepathic” – Attuned emotional connection
1.1 Curiosity, empathy, acceptance, and suppleness
In 5 of the six accounts, therapists have been depicted as heat, empathetic, and versatile. Throughout moments of discomfort, comparable to when kids cried exterior, therapists approached the scenario with curiosity moderately than merely making an attempt to unravel the issue.
…they’d {baby} say ‘I don’t actually really feel comfy sharing this’. After which the adults would possibly do one thing totally different and make them{baby} comfy.” (Asher)
1.2 Lightness and play
Lightness and playfulness fostered relational circumstances that help emotional regulation, permitting kids to interact in therapeutic dialogue.
They {therapist/caregivers) similar to as an alternative of carrying on speaking about stuff {the kid} doesn’t really feel comfy speaking about, they like helped them loosen up…. They performed with {the kid}, as an alternative of simply carrying on.” (Scout)
1.3 Individualised, comforting rituals and rhythms
Youngsters’s tales typically spotlight acquainted, non-verbal comforting rituals, like video games, drinks, and snacks, which assist construct belief and security.
1.4 Caregivers as co-therapists
Contributors indicated that caregivers performed energetic roles in remedy, typically depicted as emotionally attuned and nurturing.
Theme 2: Transferring in the direction of psychological security and shared intentions
Contributors initially skilled hesitation and distrust throughout their early remedy periods.
2.1 Distrust, misattunement and the function of interactive restore
For some kids, exploration can really feel weak, main them to defend towards this sense. For instance, one participant expressed feeling scared:
I drew a scared face. Good and scared the primary time, so I drew a scared face. They {therapist} don’t know you. They usually don’t know me and also you don’t know who they’re and also you don’t know what they’ll do.” (Kirby)
2.2 Prospects for will increase in belief
Responses indicated that each one members skilled adjustments, shifting from preliminary distrust to elevated belief. Over time, conversations with caregivers and therapists turned simpler.
2.3 Elevated caregiver closeness
Carter noticed some adjustments of their relationships with their caregivers and defined that this behaviour was initially modelled by the therapist.
They’re calmer. However {therapist} is all the time calm[…] Much less arguments I suppose […] and much and much and much and many enjoyable! And new video games.” (Carter)
2.4 Considering loss
Considering the tip of remedy can evoke emotions of loss, particularly as soon as security is established, as kids might anticipate this future transition. 4 members talked about loss of their accounts. In a single story from Carter, a baby was confused when a brand new individual answered the remedy room door as an alternative of the standard therapist.
This research on DDP discovered that constructing a way of belief with the therapist required time for the kids.
Conclusions
That is the primary educational research focussing on the qualitative experiences of kids present process DDP interventions. Findings recommend that the qualities of attuned relationships with the therapeutic adults have been salient over any occasion or approach. Per preliminary and considerably restricted literature supporting DDP (Purrington et al., 2023), and in alignment with DDP’s core goals, findings infer that the attuned presence of the therapeutic adults might affect the diploma of perceived change in attachment safety.
DDP might foster alternatives for elevated attachment safety, facilitate trauma decision, and help kids and their households to study to thrive.
Strengths and limitations
The research employed a play-based methodology alongside a phenomenological philosophy to discover the kids’s experiences, specializing in attachment safety and perceived variations. Such progressive strategy enabled kids to specific their experiences by means of play, assuaging the stress related to direct questioning. Using numerous information assortment strategies captured wealthy insights, diminished energy imbalances, and fostered consolation for the kids concerned. The analysis underscores the significance of together with younger kids with trauma histories in research, offered that the methodology is delicate and considerate. The research highlights the necessity for understanding kids’s views, which are sometimes ignored in analysis associated to providers and interventions.
Nonetheless, there are notable limitations, such because the sampling bias of together with solely these kids who superior in DDP (i.e., purposive sampling technique). This focus might have resulted in a skewed view of experiences, leaning in the direction of predominantly optimistic outcomes. Figuring out the mechanisms of change in DPP observe can also be difficult because of the nature of this intervention.
Future analysis on Dyadic Developmental Psychotherapy can give attention to understanding moderating components comparable to trauma historical past, therapy length, gender, age, and relational context.
Implications for observe
The findings from Christopher et al. (2025) point out that this new proof ought to affect scientific observe for youngsters with developmental trauma histories. The research emphasises that the responsive presence of therapeutic adults and the energetic involvement of caregivers are essential for bettering kids’s relationships and enhancing attachment safety. This highlights the significance for clinicians to prioritise relational qualities, comparable to attunement, responsiveness, and interactive restore, moderately than focusing solely on technique-driven approaches.
Clinicians and repair suppliers ought to extra systematically combine DDP ideas into their therapeutic choices for trauma-affected kids, notably in contexts involving adoption, foster care, or particular guardianship. Coaching programmes ought to give attention to instructing the event of therapeutic alliances with each the kid and the caregiver, selling reflective functioning, and growing relational co-regulation expertise, moderately than concentrating narrowly on symptom discount.
From a coverage perspective, funders and repair commissioners ought to contemplate directing sources towards longer-term, relationship-centered interventions like DDP and be sure that caregivers obtain express help and are included in therapy plans. Insurance policies must also require ongoing supervision and ability improvement for clinicians to take care of high-quality relational practices, as outcomes look like influenced by therapist results.
Enhancing therapeutic practices for trauma-affected kids requires prioritising relational high quality and caregiver involvement.
Assertion of pursuits
Anamarija Veic has no conflicting pursuits to declare. She acknowledges using AI in aiding with the revision of the textual content to boost readability and correctness. This device has helped with grammar checks and rewriting lengthy sentences to extend the general high quality of the weblog.
Edited by
Dafni Katsampa.
Hyperlinks
Major paper
Christopher, J., Cresswell, C., & Davies, J. (2025). Dyadic developmental psychotherapy for youngsters with developmental trauma histories: An exploration of kids’s therapeutic experiences. Scientific Little one Psychology and Psychiatry, 13591045251348709.
Different references
Burch, Okay., Backinsell, A., Coombes, L., & Halford, E. (2022). Analysis of the adoption help fund: First observe up survey of fogeys and carers. Division for Schooling, London.
Fane, J., MacDougall, C., Jovanovic, J., Redmond, G., & Gibbs, L. (2018). Exploring using emoji as a visible analysis methodology for eliciting younger kids’s voices in childhood analysis. Early Little one De velopment and Care, 188(3), 359–374.
Golding, Okay. S. (2025). Dyadic developmental psychotherapy. In The Handbook of Complicated Trauma and Dissociation in Youngsters (pp. 328-344). Routledge.
Hodges, J., Hillman, S., & Steele, M. (2000). Story stem evaluation profile. Anna Freud Centre.
Hughes, D. A. (2007). Attachment-focused household remedy. WW Norton & Firm.
Hughes, D. A., & Golding, Okay. S. (2024). Therapeutic relational trauma with attachment-focused interventions: Dyadic developmental psychotherapy with kids and households. WW Norton & Firm.
Nizza, I. E., Farr, J., & Smith, J. A. (2021). Attaining excellence in interpretative phenomenological evaluation (IPA): 4 markers of top quality. Qualitative Analysis in Psychology, 18(3), 369–386.
Purrington, J., Goodall, S., & Lynch, J. (2023). Household-based psychological interventions for domestically adoptive households: A scientific evaluate (pp. 1–18). European Little one & Adolescent Psychiatry.
Smith, J. A., Flowers, P., & Larkin, M. (2021). Interpretative phenomenological evaluation: Idea, methodology and analysis. In Interpretative phenomenological evaluation: Idea, methodology and analysis. Sage Publications.
Wingfield, M., & Gurney-Smith, B. (2019). Adoptive dad and mom’ experiences of dyadic developmental psychotherapy. Scientific Little one Psychology and Psychiatry, 24(4), 661–679.
Woolgar, M. (1999). Projective doll play methodologies for preschool kids. Little one Psychology and Psychiatry Evaluate, 4(3), 126–134.
Yardley, L. (2000). Dilemmas in qualitative well being analysis. Psychology and Well being, 15(2), 215–228.
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