The vast majority of individuals will, in some unspecified time in the future, expertise a traumatic occasion, however solely 3.9-5.6% will develop a post-traumatic stress dysfunction, or PTSD (WHO, 2024).
In autistic individuals, PTSD could also be particularly pronounced by maladaptive coping and traumatic recollections. Autistic people are inclined to exhibit excessive avoidance coping, attentional bias in direction of threatening stimuli, and different autism-associated traits or tendencies that, regardless of being precursors of PTSD, are sometimes dismissed as a ‘regular’ a part of ASD (Ehlers & Clark, 2000; Lage et al., 2024).
This may result in a ‘diagnostic overshadowing’ bias, which signifies that the PTSD-related challenges and distinctive options of PTSD in autistic individuals go unrecognised. Quinton and colleagues (2024) from King’s School London carry this bias into the highlight of their evaluate of the strategies of PTSD evaluation and the core signs of PTSD in autism.
Autistic people are susceptible to PTSD, but their trauma is commonly misunderstood—underscoring the necessity for higher understanding and remedy in ASD.
Strategies
The authors adopted PRISMA pointers and the inclusion standards as in Rumball (2019). The evaluate included research printed in English and samples with formal diagnoses of PTSD and ASD. The authors reviewed a variety of research: cross-sectional, case research, case-control, experimental, longitudinal, and randomised managed trials.
A complete of 18 research have been included within the evaluate. These have been the brand new research recognized after Rumball’s evaluate (2019). For high quality evaluation, the researchers used the modified Newcastle-Ottawa Scale and Joanna Briggs Institute guidelines.
Outcomes
All research on this systematic evaluate had an evaluation of PTSD in autistic individuals. Three of the 18 research have been case research; the opposite 15 can be known as “group research” (like in Quinton et al., 2024). Most research had blended genders, with the proportion of girls/ladies starting from 15.4% to 61.92%. Three research out of seven that thought of the position of gender reported intercourse variations, reported that autistic girls had considerably extra PTSD signs, while different research discovered no intercourse variations.
Evaluation and Prevalence of PTSD
Group research balanced using questionnaires and open-ended questions/interviews to evaluate trauma publicity in autistic individuals. Instance occasions/experiences included difficulties socialising, being bullied, being deserted, experiencing abuse, and following an autism intervention. General, autistic populations had greater trauma publicity and adverse social occasions than their non-autistic friends. Additionally, autistic individuals had extra PTSD signs than their non-autistic counterparts. These signs have been intrusion, adverse cognition, thought suppression, rumination, and poorer working and on a regular basis reminiscence.
The evaluate recognized these measurement instruments used throughout the research to evaluate PTSD signs in autistic individuals:
- PLC-5 (PTSD guidelines for DSM-5);
- Affect of Occasion Scale-Revised;
- Tailored Anxiousness Problems Interview Schedule;
- Self-report {of professional} psychiatric prognosis;
- PTSD-specific merchandise from Little one and Adolescent Symptom Stock;
- UCLA post-traumatic stress dysfunction response index for DSM-5.
The authors estimated that round 5.14% of autistic youngsters and adolescents reported present PTSD prognosis and 5.22% reported lifetime PTSD prognosis. Amongst autistic adults, as much as 20% reported a PTSD prognosis of their lifetime.
Remedy of PTSD
The evaluate recognized 4 research that regarded on the remedy of PTSD in autistic individuals.
Eye Motion Desensitisation and Reprocessing (EMDR) is a remedy the place sufferers briefly concentrate on trauma recollections whereas present process stimulation of the left and proper sides of the physique by guided eye actions. EMDR goals to scale back the depth and emotional influence of traumatic recollections. One examine on this evaluate (Lobregt-van Buuren et al., 2019) confirmed that EMDR lowered PTSD signs and psychological misery, and, due to this fact, could also be an efficient remedy possibility for autistic individuals with PTSD.
In the meantime, three case research thought of different remedy choices, together with Narrative Publicity Remedy, tailored CBT, trauma-informed care, and exposure-based intervention. The latter was discovered to be distressing because it worsened the participant’s avoidance signs (Kildahl & Jørstad, 2022). Different interventions confirmed some advantages for decreasing signs together with self-harm, however some outcomes weren’t reported (e.g., for tailored CBT).
Variations that have been undertaken to tailor interventions for autistic individuals included dedicating extra time to remedy and knowledgeable consent completion. Employees members have been knowledgeable about non-verbal communication in autism, and one examine carried out classes throughout out of doors walks for individuals’ consolation.
High quality evaluation of included research
The evaluate experiences that almost all research have been of top quality, however a number of areas require extra consideration:
- Potential choice bias in direction of the inhabitants who has an official prognosis.
- On-line research had a predominantly feminine pattern, whereas in-person research concerned predominantly male individuals.
- Most research didn’t differentiate between intercourse and gender, limiting gender inclusivity.
- Research are inclined to recruit autistic individuals with good verbal skills and higher-than-average IQ.
- Not one of the research have been participatory.
EMDR remedy reveals potential as a remedy for PTSD in autistic individuals, whereas different interventions require diversifications to fulfill autism-specific wants.
Conclusions
The authors concluded that since Rumball’s evaluate in 2019, tutorial curiosity in PTSD in autistic individuals has elevated, however the area remains to be in its infancy. The charges of PTSD within the autistic inhabitants have been corresponding to these in neurotypical populations, however symptom prevalence was greater in autistic cohorts. Extra analysis is important to know the aetiology variations between autistic individuals with PTSD and their non-autistic counterparts. The authors emphasised that it’s essential to:
perceive particular cognitive strengths and vulnerabilities that autistic individuals have in relation to the event and upkeep of PTSD
– Quinton et al., 2024, p. 29
Moreover, researchers ought to account for the way these variations could influence the evaluation and remedy of PTSD in autistic individuals, as:
it will in the end result in efficient methods to diagnose and tackle PTSD in autistic youngsters and adults
– Quinton et al., 2024, p.32
This underscores the significance of contemplating the distinctive cognitive profiles of autistic people, to enhance outcomes for these with PTSD.
Autistic people face greater charges of trauma and PTSD signs than non-autistic friends; highlighting the pressing want for analysis into autism-specific signs, tailor-made PTSD assessments, and efficient remedies.
Strengths and limitations
This evaluate has a number of strengths, akin to transparency, a transparent analysis query, and use of validated instruments to evaluate examine high quality.
The authors raised a limitation of excluding individuals who self-identify as autistic, suggesting a bias in direction of a restricted variety of people who can afford to get identified. Within the UK, solely 4.9% of individuals with referrals for autism evaluation get the appointment throughout the really helpful timeframe (NHS, 2024). The choice is a personal evaluation that prices, on common, round £2,000, in keeping with Gesher Evaluation Centre (2024). Nevertheless, I’d argue that there’s an extra problem with belief in self-diagnosis; e.g., autistic people report clinicians’ distrust as one of many key obstacles to receiving a well timed prognosis (Lewis, 2017). You will need to bridge this hole by rising the affordability and accessibility of formal autism evaluation and thru recognising self-diagnosis in participant recruitment.
Present literature additionally seems to have restricted pattern variety. As an illustration, the research solely included people with excessive IQ and good verbal skills, which creates a biased view of PTSD within the autistic group. There was additionally an attention-grabbing sample of extra females collaborating in on-line research, whereas extra males participated in in-person research. I’d be eager to know the explanations behind such distribution; e.g., is feminine “camouflaging” concerned in on-line participation? Or, probably, do autistic males/boys obtain extra help than autistic girls/ladies? Lastly, I appreciated that Quinton and colleagues famous that almost all research have been gender-binary, calling for extra gender-inclusive analysis observe.
Future analysis ought to think about gender inclusivity, variations in verbal skill, and IQ biases to foster a deeper, extra nuanced understanding of PTSD amongst autistic people.
Implications for observe
This evaluate opens up avenues for future investigation of the distinctive signs of PTSD and its aetiology within the autistic inhabitants, in addition to the person variations inside the autistic populations (e.g., IQ, gender, race, and so on.). Moreover, the subjective expertise of trauma is, maybe, much more vital than what ‘objectively’ qualifies as ‘traumatic’. One approach to tackle this hole is thru qualitative research, which weren’t included within the evaluate however have a robust potential to unveil the distinctive experiences of the autistic inhabitants.
As for scientific implications, there’s rising proof that EMDR could be a promising remedy. Nevertheless, clinicians ought to pay attention to the potential harms of exposure-focused remedies as a consequence of their propensity to reinforce avoidance signs that preserve PTSD. Moreover, clinicians working with people with ASD must be conscious of the ‘diagnostic overshadowing’ bias. As an illustration, reflecting on the basis causes of sure difficulties being as a consequence of potential trauma or related to the autistic profile. This may be supplemented with the present measures, akin to PLC-5, however additional improvement of autism-specific scales is warranted. Lastly, when enquiring about potential traumatic experiences, scientific practitioners ought to account for variations in what’s skilled as traumatic by people with ASD and construct a formulation accounting for these variations.
This evaluate paves the best way for exploring how PTSD manifests in ASD and the way greatest to deal with it, whereas additionally urging rigorous, inclusive research that honour particular person strengths and variations.
Assertion of pursuits
No battle of curiosity to declare.
Hyperlinks
Major paper
Quinton, A. M. G., Ali, D., Danese, A., Happé, F., & Rumball, F. (2024). The evaluation and remedy of post-traumatic stress dysfunction in autistic individuals: a scientific evaluate. Evaluate Journal of Autism and Developmental Problems. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-024-00430-9
Earlier systematic evaluate
Rumball, F. (2019). A scientific evaluate of the evaluation and remedy of posttraumatic stress dysfunction in people with autism spectrum issues. Evaluate Journal of Autism and Developmental Problems, 6(3), 294-324. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40489-018-0133-9
Different references
Ehlers, A. and Clark, D. M. (2000). A cognitive mannequin of posttraumatic stress dysfunction. Behaviour Analysis and Remedy, 38(4), 319-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0005-7967(99)00123-0
Gesher Evaluation Centre. (2024, Jul 29). How a lot does a personal autism evaluation price?
Kildahl, A. N. and Jørstad, I. (2022). Put up-traumatic stress dysfunction symptom manifestations in an autistic man with extreme mental incapacity following coercion and scalding. Journal of Mental & Developmental Incapacity, 47(2), 190-194. https://doi.org/10.3109/13668250.2021.1995930
Lage, C., Smith, E. S., & Lawson, R. P. (2024). A meta-analysis of cognitive flexibility in autism spectrum dysfunction. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Critiques, 157, 105511. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2023.105511
Lewis, L. F. (2017). A blended strategies examine of obstacles to formal prognosis of autism spectrum dysfunction in adults. Journal of Autism and Developmental Problems, 47(8), 2410-2424. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3168-3
Lobregt-van Buuren, E., Sizoo, B., Mevissen, L., & Jongh, A. d. (2018). Eye motion desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) remedy as a possible and potential efficient remedy for adults with autism spectrum dysfunction (ASD) and a historical past of opposed occasions. Journal of Autism and Developmental Problems, 49(1), 151-164. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-018-3687-6
Nationwide Well being Service. (2024, Nov 14). Autism Statistics, October 2023 to September 2024.
World Well being Group. (2024, Might 27). Put up-traumatic stress dysfunction.
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